The impact of an asteroid or comet is acknowledged as the principal cause of the mass extinction that killed off most dinosaurs and about three-quarters of the planet's plant and animal species 66 million years ago.
But massive volcanic eruptions in India may also have contributed to the extinctions. Scientists have long debated the significance of the Deccan Traps eruptions, which began before the impact and lasted, on and off, for nearly a million years, punctuated by the impact event.
Now, a University of Michigan-led geochemical analysis of fossil marine mollusk shells from around the globe is providing new insights into both the climate response and environmental mercury contamination at the time of the Deccan Traps volcanism.
From the same shell specimens, the researchers found what appears to be a global signal of both abrupt ocean warming and distinctly elevated mercury concentrations. Volcanoes are the largest natural source of mercury entering the atmosphere.
The dual chemical fingerprints begin before the impact event and align with the onset of the Deccan Traps eruptions.
When the researchers compared the mercury levels from the ancient shells to concentrations in freshwater clam shells collected at a present-day site of industrial mercury pollution in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley, the levels were roughly equivalent.
Evidence from the study, which is scheduled for publication Dec.16 in the journal Nature Communications, supports the idea that Deccan Traps volcanism had climatic and ecological impacts that were profound, long-lasting and global, the researchers conclude.
"For the first time, we can provide insights into the distinct climatic and environmental impacts of Deccan Traps volcanism by analyzing a single material," said Kyle Meyer, lead author of the new study. "It was incredibly surprising to see that the exact same samples where marine temperatures showed an abrupt warming signal also exhibited the highest mercury concentrations, and that these concentrations were of similar magnitude to a site of significant modern industrial mercury contamination." This article from Science Daily Dec 2019
An even newer article says the volcanic ash is a bit earlier then 66 mya.
New evidence gleaned from Antarctic seashells confirms that Earth was already unstable before the asteroid impact that wiped out the dinosaurs.
The study, led by researchers at Northwestern University, is the first to measure the calcium isotope composition of fossilized clam and snail shells, which date back to the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event. The researchers found that -- in the run-up to the extinction event -- the shells' chemistry shifted in response to a surge of carbon in the oceans.
This carbon influx was likely due to long-term eruptions from the Deccan Traps, a 200,000-square-mile volcanic province located in modern India. During the years leading up to the asteroid impact, the Deccan Traps spewed massive amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. The concentration of CO2 acidified the oceans, directly affecting the organisms living there.
"Our data suggest that the environment was changing before the asteroid impact," said Benjamin Linzmeier, the study's first author. "Those changes appear to correlate with the eruption of the Deccan Traps."
"The Earth was clearly under stress before the major mass extinction event," said Andrew D. Jacobson, a senior author of the paper. "The asteroid impact coincides with pre-existing carbon cycle instability. But that doesn't mean we have answers to what actually caused the extinction."
The study will be published in the January 2020 issue of the journal Geology, which comes out later this month.
The volcano vs impact debate goes back and forth but volcanos and not impacts as causal is the historical geology approach.
Impact lateral wave phenomena. As I have encountered a lateral wave of iron from the Frankewing, TN impact the Chicxulub impact also made a push of material from the Gulf into Texas creating a vast arc of gypsum in West Texas, a closer in arc of fossil oyster shells and then a bit closer arc of uranium.
Hitting earth caused the extinction of meteors? No, just the ones that hit. Did meteorites cause the extinction of some life on earth. Perhaps but you also have sudden entry of new species as well. The rock strata tell of change going on quite often. You can't blame all that change on impact events.
Fire is not much of a relational commentary on library or book destruction throughout history. Why were only some library's or books destroyed? Why were more complex library's and books created later? Fire or calamity is clearly not the only affecting factor. The same is true of life in the fossil record and destruction by meteorites. Why only some life and why later more complex life appears? Like book burning historical extinction has been a manmade cause and while new manmade books do appear no new species. Meteorites contribute little relevance to that overarching question. Causality and purpose is what is truly being looked for.
The late Ordovician extinction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician
could be blamed on a large impact event like the possible one that formed the Middle TN basin. Or the late Devonian extinction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian such as the Frankewing/Howell, TN mega bolide could be blamed (Frankewing, TN is the crater center). It would have disrupted marine and land environments over a range of hundreds of miles and sent some particulate dust into the stratosphere. Being a splash down into a large sea the dust would be mixed with water vapor and less dangerous. The earth is a self healing planet unique as far as we know in the universe. The Frankewing, TN Impact Crater is visible from space. Popular imagination is stirred by the concept of meteor mass extinction. Volcanic eruption pollution from Siberia is blamed for the extinction before Chicxulub.
As you examine specimens outward from the crater the shock metamorphic effect diminishes by a couple of counties. Physical movement or bombardment by impact rubble would not cause mass extinction beyond the crater debris field. For the Frankewing, TN impact a debris field would be a couple hundred miles. A massive sea would not become too warm for life as shock is the primary energy, not heat. While the components of a metal mega bolide are disruptive, they could be life supportive, like iron and phosphate.
Strata time and gradual change are not supportable by the fossil record is the real problem here. Impact events are a desperate effort to conceptually fix. Sudden change and event based sequence are supportable in the fossil record as well as geology in general. Extinction from an impact is not all that helpful as a cause when sudden appearance is occurring as well in the fossil record. What get's fossilized is not statistically useful. The process requires a sedimentary entombment. Shown bottom right is fossil shells burned up in the Middle TN Basin Busting Impact.
The size and speed of impact events is a decreasing phenomena. The early impacts were cosmic, more planet size not captured by our solar system, until impact. Cosmic speed is roughly twice the speed of captured solar debris. Consider how many impacts have already been discovered and how they vary in size and location. Which one would you blame a global extinction event on? Why that one? Others are just as large. Also consider that their is an estimated 16,000 earth impacts. So most impacts are as yet unreported. Notice in the map below how few are shown in lush terrain. Also note the big basin buster forming Middle, TN is not shown and was just as big as Chicxulub which has had millions invested in research.
A more up to date map shown below.
So what gets fossilized anyway? A very small percent. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhyQ5z5f-m8
I am a clam, no you are a burger, did you say clamburger?
Clam Time = Everyone knows that books evolve. That can easily be shown in the library record. A fire in a library does not stop the passing on of complex information. More complex books will just appear later. And remember fellow clams, close your shells shut to ideas that we are still around and did not evolve after billions of years, I mean look at us.
Frankewing, TN Impact
Chart by Bob Beavers Engineering from Wilson 1990
Problems with counting time using the fossil record. Here in the crater time stopped if you are using the fossil record as a clock. The last two sequences are the Chattanooga Shale and the Ft. Payne chert. Both appear to be impact produced and are just a shock flash frozen record of a single time i.e. the impact event. Just below that you have "The Basin Buster" impact which would have stopped time and blasted away in between time. Geology encounters these wiping events "unconformities" and keeps the clock but do not have continuous time. Even worse it is clear that our boy "Collide Clyde" the Frankewing, TN Impact that hit here in lower middle, TN splashed the Chattanooga shale all over the exposed strata making a sequence that makes splash contact connections to geologic time. Then add the concept that strata are not time but environment references. Let me explain that. The strata based method is to search for a continuation of the same fossils over a range. That is really an environment search since environment is what supports the life structure. Let's say you have a shallow area with coral at time A and then the sea changes and the new shallow area appears at B. Far from connecting the same time it is an indicator of changed time.
Buried at Pompei - This is like fossils time. Most people did not live like the people of Pompei at the time nor were they buried under volcano ash. The fossil record is not a clock.
The argument for meteor mass extinctions. Unless you are a retired nerd like me, you do not have the time and inclination to read these creative commons articles posted on the web from scientific journals. So let me tell you about this one. They use the best resources from all over the world to analyse a very exciting discovery out west from the Yucatan impact. I find the Yucatan impact interesting because it is a big later hit. Mostly they are bigger earlier and get smaller i. e. what you would expect from the sorting of cosmic debris post big bang. The article goes on to make a great case for high extinction at far distances. https://www.pnas.org/content/116/17/8190?fbclid=IwAR0e9XUoANMdjCDuxatQbdpdCHoR3CZJpQeEe9R2Wl7xN-feg--pDgVn2lk
So this impact is a global marker for planetary science. Two centuries of modestly resourced investigation of the middle, TN crater field has not even certified the Howell, TN Impact Structure or even correctily find it's center at Frankewing, TN. It's size would have rung the earth like a bell and affected easily half the continent or more. These past geologist while intrigued by the strange impact geologies when encountered derived conclusions consistent with contemporary understanding. Today's contemporary understanding is not acquainted with an impact like Frankewing, TN. First they did not map the crater correctly assuming the exposed breccia pipe to be a mile crater. The actual crater effects were labeled crypo effects an ambiguous term of pre impact geology. These macro studies that mapped middle, TN were not resourced to do the kind of analysis supported in the above article but when resourced for micro scale analysis and conjectured some unsupportable volcanic cause.
Now here is a fossil but is still alive, lives in the sea which get's hit with meteors just as much as land. Millions of years dodging rocks and fossils are found before a live specimen. So that tells us something about fossils. A rare sea creature is likely to be found as a fossil. Fossils are not representative.
William Smith
Survival of the flattest and The Principle of Original Horizontality which states that layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity. (Danish geological pioneer Nicholas Steno (1638–1686).)
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You can't win with evolution - Nazi Germany's justification for its aggression was regularly promoted in Nazi propaganda films depicting scenes such as beetles fighting in a lab setting to demonstrate the principles of "survival of the fittest" as depicted in Alles Leben ist Kampf (English translation: All Life is Struggle).
By contrast the Japanese tortured and mistreated prisoners saying "you believe you are from apes, we believe we are from gods." But must be a cruel one i.e. devil.
Earth horizontal warming has been rejected by both President Bush and Trump.
Is geology good? - That is a good question. Geology is wrong about just about everything concerning Middle, TN Geology but claims to be right. That is not good. Let's take a look at the inventor of fossil time William Smith. (23 March 1769 – 28 August 1839) He was a self taught engineer and was a canal constructor. He did his own field work and made the first geology map of England. To do this he connected fossils shelf of same types. This is a local method. For his trouble he went bankrupt and was put in debtors prison while being not paid by the "geology society." That is not good. His method was to connect strata and strata is used to estimate time or is it the other way around? The top strata here where I live is Mississippian Ft. Payne Chert. That is say 300 to 350 million years ago. But how do they know? They don't even know that it was all formed in hours by this big meteor impact. And there is not rock on top of that so rock time has no meaning. It is always impact event time here. And there is another impact under this one. They don't know that either.
Geology endorses evolution - Let's take a look at their Dinosaur Evolution:
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So what happened to my front legs?
Survival of the fittest? Did a meteor kill them or did they just fall over. Well I did not find this dinosaur but they are wrong about just about everything in my area so I am betting this KFC poser is not right.
on·to·log·i·cal
​
adjective
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1.
relating to the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.
"ontological arguments"
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2.
showing the relations between the concepts and categories in a subject area or domain.
"an ontological database" On Being & Categories
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Being is a category of existence. My specific interest in my local geology confirmed that so called experts are so wrong. It is also quite obvious that existence itself is undefinable for them as their is no reason they or anything exist.
Uniformitarianism, also known as the Doctrine of Uniformity or the Uniformitarian Principle,[1] is the assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in our present-day scientific observations have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe.[2][3] It refers to invariance in the metaphysical principles
Right so nothing comes out of the laundry anywhere in the world after almost a century of tumbling except tangles. But things evolve as if designer clothes emerge from your tumbled laundry.
This is the principle on which Darwin constructed. It is not consistent with his theory. (James Hutton - The theory of the earth)
Now nobody has seen a large meteor hit earth. The physics of such an event are off the scale and unrecognized. Yet in isolation one meteor impact is picked to advance an evolution theory problem i.e. no dinosaur today. But today is the key to yesterday. This is a logical contradiction on several levels.
Shown above is Calcium Bentonite Impact Ash found in a creek at Bryson, TN. It has turned the calcium shells to ash as an instant event, not like a volcano. Shown below is the shell fragments after it dried out as bentonite gets smaller when dry.
So many craters and so many fossils too. The specimen below was found along the shore of Lake Logan, TN next to the Silurian strata maker. That does not mean anything as it is a lose rock. It is in a dark matrix indicating it is penetrated with Fe3O4 iron oxide. The fossil surfaces are altered by shock. All we know is they predate the impact or were killed by it.
Photo by: Fritz Geller-Grimm
The skulls of the Tasmanian Tiger thylacine (left) and the grey wolf (Canis lupus) are quite similar, although the species are not related at all. Studies show that the skull shape of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), is even closer.
This is the overlap of species and the Tasmanian Tiger was made extent by man not meteor. If you found this fossil it would be assumed to be a dog species if not for knowledge of the existence of the Tasmanian Tiger in historical time.
The Taung child. This fossil was described in 1925 by Raymond Dart, who assigned it the name A. africanus. Image and copyright courtesy of Eric Delson. This famous fossil was found encased in a breccia rubble. The geology of a collection of rubble as breccia requires an energy event which was explained as a wash of existing broken rocks into a collecting sink causing a cement therefore fossil. As a slow wet process it would not be all that favorable for a perfect skull preservation. Also notice that the surface of the skull has the impact signature of particle constellationing Turning Type Patterns somewhat on the shock type making enclosing forms. You can read about shock type constellationing at: https://www.hillbillyu.com/constellationing
Combine that with the breccia rubble and you have an impact event. Impact events are a stata or fossil dating system. They can only be broadly referenced to the explosion forensics which has of course not been done as geology is largely oblivious to the estimated 25,000 earth surface impacts and has only found about 250. If you examine the Tasmanian Tiger skull shown to the right you can also see that an anthropologist would be unable to tell it from a dog when it is actually a marsupial. And such is the basis of what is taught as science. Ironically the fossil was not carefully excavated but extracted by miners with dynamite while quarrying. (the Taung cave had been destroyed by miners soon after the discovery of the Taung skull)
Recently thesis in 2006, Lee Berger announced the Taung Child probably was killed by an eagle or other large predatory bird since the similarity of damage to the skull and eye sockets of the Taung Child is of that seen in modern primates that are known to have been killed by eagles. There are talon marks in the eyes as well as a depression along the skull that is common in creatures that have been preyed upon by eagles. Never mind the skull was excavated by dynamite and buried in a much more likely impact event.
Now take a look at the diversity of modern skulls.
In historic times man is the cause of extinction of species. as geology is a poor clock and earth has been constantly clobbered with 25,000 surface impacts i. e. random what if all species were present from the beginning and man is the cause of extinctions. or if there is a relation to impacts and extinction why would it not be, given the outcome, teleology?
tel·e·ol·o·gy
/ËŒtelēˈälÉ™jÄ“,ËŒtÄ“lēˈälÉ™jÄ“/
noun
-
PHILOSOPHY
the explanation of phenomena in terms of the purpose they serve rather than of the cause by which they arise.
"no theory of history can do without teleology"
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THEOLOGY
the doctrine of design and purpose in the material world.
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Thomas Malthus cleric and polymath who first presented the math of population density. He and geologist Lyle were Darwin's inspiration for evolution by natural selection.
Ninety nine percent of species are estimated to be extinct. In historic time too many to be documented but no observations of new species.
The deep time postulated by Lyle while standing on a crater strata he was unaware of and claiming it to be of millions of years in construction is dubious. Is no way to validate but history is clear that the formula for species is diminutive.
Species are observable to be highly related to hospitable environment. To this day the best way to fight mosquitoes is not a bug light but elimination of stagnant water. Ocean shell fossils postulated by William Smith to connect all strata as a dating system are evident as no longer present because it is no longer an ocean i.e. change in local environment. Is no internal competition in that for fitness. Preservation it's self is more likely as a sudden burial event otherwise decay would leave no trace. Is no competition for survival in total sudden destruction of environment. And alas the ninety nine did not. The fossil record is not one of evolution but of dissolution.
thernos & the Malthusian balance
Biology equation logic:
1. Life comes from life.
2. The absence of movement is death.
Therefore life is movement and was imparted by movement.
Now consider that E=mc(2) so c(2) being movement is E/m thus movement is all the mass and energy and the life that first imparted movement to the universe created it.
Using fossils to determine time?
1. The Immortal Jellyfish – Forever!
We can think of a lot of people who would want to become immortal, but not if that means they have to spend their endless lifetime as a floating jelly creature. The immortal jellyfish is scientifically known as the Turritopsis dohrnii, and is one of the most fascinating animals in the world, as its the only one that can age backwards.
Kevin James
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Not sure what I found . On the side
Of the mountain in Tennessee US-129 . Just for fun
So what does a fossil record actually record? Things that get buried. As I live in Tennessee and have collected fossils here for half a century I can tell you:
1. Shells, Tennessee has many fossil shells. They did not all die of old age. Most appear to have been suddenly buried. I have found tiny shell clams as small as 1/16 inch which certainly did not die of old age. Clam found to be over 500 years old - Phys.org
So since clams can live so much longer you would also expect to find a lot of them in fossil burial. Statistically over represented.
2. Assemblages, pile ups of burial rubble fossils. You often find masses of bits and broken pile ups of fossils. It looks like the picture above.
3. Shock altered specimens
4. Shells burned to ash in bentonite.
The so called fossil record does not record life in its habitat but rubbish heaps from some event that mashed them into a burial pile which facilitated fossilization.
So what went wrong here? Did impact cause this? This is the type of graph you would have for the making of books, an information adding of new topics.
Siberian Traps Impact Event. Siberian Traps were directly responsible for the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event that occurred 250 million years ago,
Crater, came in at angle from east. Broke crust.
Impact with the lingering earth crust break effect >>>>
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Big Impact Broke the Earth's Crust.
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Late Devonian Extinction
Deccan Traps Impact sunk inside the earth. Ouch, that is going to leave a mark.
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late devonian extinction impact.
Hosta Beach, Outer Hebrides west coast of Scotland. This is a cobalt iron sequence shock resonate banding from an earth crust breaking impact in the ocean west.
According to BGS, most Scottish earthquakes occur in western Scotland with events felt in places such as Islay in the Inner Hebrides and also Fort William and, in November last year, in Glen Coe. These earthquakes are the result of the earth plates still resolving the crust breaking impact.
The Kellwasser event
The Kellwasser event, named for its locus typicus, the Kellwassertal in Lower Saxony, Germany, is the term given to the extinction pulse that occurred near the Frasnian–Famennian boundary (372.2 ± 1.6 Ma). Most references to the "Late Devonian extinction" are in fact referring to the Kellwasser, which was the first event to be detected based on marine invertebrate record. There may in fact have been two closely spaced events here, as shown by the presence of two distinct anoxic shale layers. This would be the big crater that takes up most of France.
The Hangenberg event
The Hangenberg event occurred at or shortly before the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary (358.9 ± 0.4 Ma) and marks the last spike in the period of extinction. It is marked by an anoxic black shale layer and an overlying sandstone deposit.[23] Unlike the Kellwasser event, the Hangenberg event affected both marine and terrestrial habitats. This would be the Ocean Impact west of Scotland that broke the earth's crust.
Impact sphere from the Silurian Extinction Impact centered along New Madrid Fault above Memphis, TN. USA. Specimen collected at Lake Logan, TN.
Subsurface Crater
And now we get to the nitty gritty of it. With the earth's surface having 25,000 craters of 5 miles diameter or more you would have an extinction base line noise, which is what you see on the extinction graph. Based on the Impact Cascade Theory the size of the universe free flying collisions would decrease but this is an accretion cycle, like earth crust recycling. Anyway lots of big earth impacts early on some of which are less than represented as they went in the earth making it as well as the moon making collision but the amount of life is also under represented so the slope of the graph of impact size would be much greater. Nevertheless it is a downward slope. But extinction is a man made attribute too, while not shown on this graph would spike up at the end.
Evolution and Entropy -
noun
-
1.
PHYSICS
a thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.
"the second law of thermodynamics says that entropy always increases with time"
-
2.
lack of order or predictability; gradual decline into disorder.
"a marketplace where entropy reigns supreme"
Lightning hits water and jump starts life.
In fact lighting hitting water will kill all the life in the area making it sterile. The simplest cell is very complex. Energy is not life and cannot make life. Energy is not an organizing agent. Meteor impact and lighting do not make order. As I make a particular study of energy forms from impact and energy; I can attest to what can and cannot be constructed by energy. Simple geometric forms are what you will find. Crystals are a good example. While beautiful and ordered they are not alive.
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Now lets take a look at a simple cell. It is a coordinated working system. The levels of complexity to stack functional working systems is so far beyond simple geometric forms that it is not even comparable. Also keep in mind that time works against complexity. If you have one energy made form it degrades. For example the life of an energy bubble like ball lightning is seconds.
The fossil record and evolution - The progression of similar design does not make for a self organization argument. This is what you see with motor cars and computers. They are design progression. Survival of the fittest or adaptation is not a progressive argument. It is clear that many species are just fine in the form they have throughout the fossil record. In fact even with designed products a less complex solution may be the best. Consider the evolution of the knife. It went from flint, to bronze, iron, steel, stainless steel to ceramic. Ceramic more resembles the original flint knife. If put in order by some unknowing curator in a museum the ceramic knife would be put in line next to the flint one.
Even the context of time is not reliable. The entire Silurian, Chattanooga, and Ft. Payne strata in my location are impact events made in hours not millions of years as reported in literature. As a physical construct time it's self is a dependency of event. Without event there is no time.
And where does event come from? Why is there a chain of events? Why does physical reality not include mind? Why is physical reality so carefully constructed to support life on earth? A sequence of events with purpose must have a cause.
Evolution assumption, Complexity is inevitable and represents evolving. So take a look at the history of the wheel. Started with the wheel barrow and guess what we still need them. They are designed and do not evolve into trucks.
Evolution assumption - Common design mean common ancestry and evolution.
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Buick Roadmaster used Chevrolet engine. Yes they have a common parent, General Motors, but they didn't evolve, it was the best motor and was selected as a smart decision.
Resonate plasma ejecta Deccan Traps, India- While Chicxulub makes a good case for the dinosaur killer the competing theory is the Deccan Traps. There are none and have never been columnar basalt observed in connection with a volcanic eruption. Accretion type impacts can break the earth's crust, Crusta Confractus. Unlike any slow break the shock is a wave form and the up blast is a resonate plasma. You will see most oscilloscope shapes in this phenomena.
