1C Impact pulverized nano materials - Sulfur Springs - There was a town near Howell, TN called Sulfur Springs, and Howell, itself is a sulfur spring area. Additional sulfur springs are found throughout the crater. Interestingly the non sulfur springs have some of the best water in the world, as well as the area near the crater. Lynchburg and it's famous Jack Daniels Distillery benefit from the meteor blasting away the top strata as the lower strata make better water. You can also see meteor marbled limestone surrounding the Lynchburg area.
Sulfur is present in meteorites that reach earth today. A large bolide could deposit a vast amount of small particle from the explosion with good dispersal. Chelyabinsk meteor’s trajectory noted a sulfurous smell in the air that persisted for most of the day, Popova, et al., 2013. This type of iron sulfur soil is good for growing blueberries although not being farmed here.
The phenomena of meteor caused ground water change is what first lead investigators to the Manson, Iowa Crater. By removing the upper strata the ground water is in association with a softer lower strata. The composition of the Howell/Petersburg impactor had more sulfur and iron. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manson_crater
Sulfur, iron and the universe - Objects hitting earth that contain iron and sulfur are not random but considered from a universe development series. You can read an article about that at:
https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2011/06/aa16855-11.pdf
Bentonite clay = impact ash layer
Well if you have both sulfur springs and Bentonite clay you are in a crater area. This pretty strata in in a creek near Pearl City, TN. I tested it for radioactivity and it is not. Since the Frankewing, TN impact is, I will continue with my assumption that the thick layer of Bentonite Clay is from the previous Middle, TN Basin Buster Impact.
Shown above and below is Calcium Bentonite Ash Clay. It was found in a creek near Bryson, TN. You can see the shells as ash and that is also why it is calcium. When it drys it shrinks as shown below which also outlines some shells.
Shown below is the Bentonite Ash Layer along a bluff along Shoal Creek near Iron City, TN. It is 50 miles from the crater center.
Shown below from same area is Bentonite ash or blue phosphate mixed with iron and limestone sediment. This type of blue strata is reported in the geology literature of Middle, TN often. They however never got the point that it is from big meteor impacts. They suppose iron to be a free floating phenomena and unknow volcanoes as cause when they even bother to speculate. This clueless thinking is still being taught and TN geology graduates are essentially as clueless and blind as their blind teachers.
Shown below is a "Layer Form." The bentonite ash layer is on several levels of this settling strata inside the crater here at Lake Logan, TN.
Below is the Bentonite Ash Layer as shown creek side on Slate Rock Mill Road. In between ash is a phenomena called "Bricking." This was a progressive event and not all the ash fell at once as there was quite a bit of turbulent wash back into the crater.
Slate, a crater ash fall? Notice the similar color of the above ash and the slate below. I photographed my neighbor's slate steps they made from slate picked up at the crater center at Frankewing, TN. It is copper oxide blue green. Over the crater slate is many different types. Some will burn when hot enough which I believe to be ash that was not completely burned i.e. charcoal. When the meteor hit, it's particles were cloud vapor including copper which mixed with the falling ash into what had become a slurry with the back rushing sea into the crater.
Shown above is Elite Shungite, a shock carbon. It is similar to the burnable slate found in the crater here. Unburned charcoal contained in the rock. It is found in NW Russia. https://shungite-c60.com/what-is-elite-shungite/
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Shown above is sand from Rutherford Beach, Louisiana. It is a record of the earth impacts in glass over time. It also contains the meteor mineral content and previous metamorphic forms and of course shell fragments. Of particular note is iron and olivine which is a signature of some particular impact(s). Take a look below.
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You can learn more about "constellationing" at: https://www.hillbillyu.com/constellationing
Shown below is beach sand from atop the Western Highland Rim in Lawrence County, TN. This is from the Frankewing, TN Impact into a shallow sea. It dropped out in the western push when hitting the Highland Rim.
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Iterative smaller shown below in the micro meteorite in a micrometeorite and the micro "constellationing" inside quartz grain. Take a look. Particle grains inside particle grains.
Here we have sand from space. Tons of this stuff falls on earth every day. The micrometeorite guy Jon Larson collected this specimen and photographed it along with his partner in crime Jan Braly Kihle. Metaform - Harmonic Step Figures - Attenuation right angle branching/crystalization. This is from the impact inclusion. Iterative non enclosing as sometimes this will form a square. See below.
<< Metaform
Shock Cement - Specimen above was collected at Prospect, TN an edge crater effect. Cement is ash, calcium and heat and there it is. I also found areas of too high ash content, shown below.
Identifying crater landforms video -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_yhd3Y62KE
Quarry NW of Iron City, TN in Wayne County. This is the pile up push from the Frankewing, TN lateral blast. While it is considered to be lay down sediment it is not. At least not over any great time.
It has a charge and repel energy. Clay its self is charged electrically positive.
This specimen fell out of the wall. It breaks along its dendritic planes. The dendrites are a fast forming fractal crystal energy that does not have time to make a third dimension. You can read all about that at: https://www.hillbillyu.com/fast-formed-fractal-dendrite
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Now here is a classic description of soil as found on Wiki. But like everything on Wiki it is only as good as the supporting understanding. In this case it assumes that soil is the product of tectonic forces or just happens to exist. This is not true. Soil like rocks, strata, features etc. is a forensic representation of events. I mean they do get that ice ages rub and grind what they pass over and organic material is on the top layer but where did the all that material really come from. Why would you have so much small material? First of all they always neglect to include the tons of space dust that fall on earth every day even though that is now general knowledge. Also given that 25,000 earth surface impacts larger than 5 miles diameter have occurred the amount of particle mater would be enormous. Impact is so much energy that pulverization occurs even down to the nano and atomic level. Impact favors smaller pulverization making much more of that than larger features. And thus you have sand and soil. Clay is a nano particle that is just taken for granted. That kind of pulverization takes a great deal of energy. Also note the way soil occurs in layers with the smaller material on top. How did that happen? 25,000 impacts. Is like the moon with the surface dust. Sand was present from previous impacts and even formed into rocks like the one shown below from the Frankewing, TN Impact and kicked over to Wayne County near Iron City TN.
This strange small shock particle storm formed small mega clast caught my eye. It is heavy and is of unusual composition. When magnified you can see what it is made of.
This was sand already present from previous impacts. It has been cemented together by shock and made on the spot cement from the calcium and ash produced by the impact which is a shock dense slurry which cooled at this distance to make this hard form that is rock like but really a type of concrete, impact shock concrete. This occurs at closer distances as well.
Pebbles in stream Marion County, Mississippi, USA. These pebbles identify a nearby impact. They are impact jaspers, agates, and various silica based impactites. Close up below.
Jackson Impact Crater impactites. You will encounter the same identifying examples in sand and even soils whereby the impact has pulverized its content and the surrounding surface into bits.
Einstein considered Tesla to be the smartest man alive. Tesla said everything resonates. Gravity is not one phenomena but resonance and another we think of as gravity. The effect of the moon on earth is a resonance interception of earth and the moon. Waves on water is part of this. The waves will wash material to shore. And so you see the catching of meteorites and space accretion has a resonance riding compaction. So too is soil and crystal formation. Lithification of sedimentary rocks is a resonate compaction.
Pure, pottery type clay at Waynesboro, TN. This is a nano pulverized impact product.
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Botyroidal calcite weeping out of this wall of calcium bentonite ash from the Frankewing, TN Impact. Location is Wayne County Natchez Trace Park just south of HW 64.
Chinese lunar lander look at the moon surface. Notice the compaction of the bolder that rolled. Moon dust or soil as a strata compaction would be denser with depth. The surface has a tendancy to be charged, therefore more loose, also dry. While erosion is credited with moon dust that is only true if you call impact as erosion. Pulverization favors small with the great energy of impact. Galaxy size dust clouds exist in the universe. These are from impacts.
The Silurian Extinction Event Impact is still visible in the soil structure today!
This article says oxygen and nitrogen are excited to produce the northern lights. But notice they have more than two colors. I think the daily micrometeorite fall is also part of the Van Allen Belt. The iron micrometeorites would be especially susceptible. https://phys.org/news/2021-06-physicists-definitive-evidence-auroras.html
A nano iron particle turbulence generator could be installed in the layers of spacecraft for radiation protection.
Brahim Omlil
A new carbonaceous meteorite is added to the list of meteorites that fell in Morocco, most of them fell in the southeast.
Congratulations
to those who have a share in this heavenly treasure
Small meteorites would collect in sand and could look like this.
Particle bombardment but dust and micrometeorites would be somewhat suspended in a disturbed field like this.
Phosphate another mineral shadow of impact. The conversion of mass and motion into instant energy produces great heat which burns up the surrounds producing clays, and ash salts. This residual is valuable and mined in the veins which are typically shot into the crater wall by the explosion force dynamic. As a forensic progression you have other events that complicate the original structure which also tells what has happened.
Project Stardust - Jon Larsen & Jan Braly Kihle
I still wonder why most micrometeorites are black. Is it due to the organic compounds, or simply the iron?
Nickel-iron is most often differentiated to a bead, and pushed to the front during atmospheric deceleration of the micrometeoroide. Traces of iron is also the reason for other types of coloring of micrometeorites. Most common is olive green, which is due to a mix between Fe2+ and Fe3+. More seldom are the pure brown hues, caused by a dominance of Fe3+. A really rare variety, I have found one among 3,500 micrometeorites, is the blueish green, as in the NMM 789.
This is a ~0.3 mm V-type (glass) with two metal beads and a huge open void (from escaping volatile elements) in the back. There are also numerous minor gas vesicles in the glass. Some of these are still intact, and can be analysed by raman spectrometry, to find out exactly which gas it is. The beautiful color is caused by traces of almost pure Fe2+, and no Fe3+. I wonder if this unusual chemistry is a clue about origin, and parent body in Space? What do you think?
Both content and size are important to color. Mica is used to make pearl paints. To get a specific color pearl you change the micro size. In space as on earth the impacts are unique. Material and size vary. Also energy. The zone of impact makes different phenomena. To get the nano minerals is a central effect the atomizing plasma. This stuff will rain down on impactites and weld to the up facing surfaces. It is the same as some of your micrometeorites. Earth soils are impact made particles. In the case of this specimen it would be assumed to be rounded sand.
Sand and rivulet flow patterns. You see these as a surface pattern on meteorites, planets, impactites, boulders. The action form or energy stratigraphy is an important study. The grain size and inclusion are important. The type of energy applied is also important. It is a changing Septarian pattern with a left side fade. Could it be a rejection pattern? Rejection patterns are two things not mixed due to different materials. This would be wet sand and atmosphere. Surface wrinkling type which you also see with cooling effects. Sept. 27, 2022.
Geomorphological Features
Sept. 27, 2022
Illustration of dune types, White Sands National Monument, New Mexico!
Sulfur, a dead giveaway you have found a crater. Oct. 19, 2023.
Altered Baxter Shale exposed just below contact with overlying tan-colored basal sandstones of the Blair Formation, Lion Bluffs quadrangle, Sweetwater County. The organic-rich shale is coated in pale yellow, massive native sulfur.
Strata location, angled impact, magnetic anomaly map USGS.
Sandstone, iron, and plasma holes at Bear Creek WMA Franklin County, TN - Sandstone requires a pressure of .2 to .4 GPa. As a comparative reference 110 MPa 16,000 psi Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench, about 11 km below ocean surface (1100 bar). So that is .11 GPa not enough to make sandstone. The ferrosilica shown would take about 4,000 degrees F. as it is partially vaporized. Plasma holes are a much higher energy 50,000 degrees F.
There is no raft/plate tectonics, this is on the surface. No volcanos either. That just leaves impact. Jan. 22, 2024.
Hurricane Creek Park, Cullman, AL. High heat mosaic surface. March 27, 2024.
I picked the mosaic shard up and turned it over and it has sulfur. This is a fresh shard from the wall excavation beside here at the park entrance along the highway. March 27, 2024.
Micro spheres - Attached is a magnification of creek sand from Lawrence County, TN (SW middle TN). It contains micro spheres. Now I maintain the world's largest encyclopedia of impact spheres which is also my most popular phenomenon category. First let's go over the physics. You will never make a sphere with random abrasion, as it requires holding a firm axis. Nor will you precipitate silica or iron spheres as only salts precipitate. High energy will turn solids to drops which are naturally round. About one micro meteorite will fall in a square yard per year. The Chicxulub ash contains micro spheres. The Chelyabinsk fireball dropped micro spheres over the northern hemisphere as 99 + percent of it exploded. Micro spheres are found in the ocean floor. Impact made macro spheres are found all over the world and are one of the most posted rocks for identification. Given the large number of Earth Impacts, a million based on Mars, it is very likely the majority of soil micro spheres are impact made. Note: populated areas are contaminated with various man-made micro spheres which is why this sample from rural Lawrence County is such a good example. April 11, 2024.
Overburden pebbles get removed and collected in streams along with the sand. Here we see a vast sand and pebble concentration along the Chewacla Creek near Auburn Alabama. So when another impact occurs like at Russellville this contour is changed blasting this sand and pebbles into the new crater construction. But, the pebbles and sand are from a previous crater as blast bits and impact chert nodules. Rather than being erosion orogeny sand and pebbles are an impact product modified by an erosion cycle as well as additional impacts. May 10, 2024.
Aug. 8, 2024. Grain size and reactivity. One of the more recent chemistry advancements is reactions with nano elements. This is the basis for nano thermite the most modern of the known explosives. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-thermite This is also true in nature with mineral soil size reaction variances. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1141134#:~:text=Nanominerals%20are%20defined%20here%20as%20minerals%20that%20only,ferrihydrite%2C%20an%20iron%20oxyhydroxide%2C%20as%20a%20type%20example%29. While you might not take much notice of clays or layers of bentonite it is important. Grain size this small takes a lot of energy to produce such as volcanic and impact ash/bentonite. It tells more of a record in geology and often goes unconsidered just as its improved environmental chemical/biological reactions. While energetic potential may not change the formulation of nano chemistry can accelerate or stall the chemical reaction. Attached micro slide. Thermal behavior and combustion of Al nanoparticles/ MnO2-nanorods nanothermites with addition of potassium perchlorate Jiaxing Song,ab Tao Guo, *a Miao Yao,a Wen Ding,a Xiaonan Zhang,a Fengli Bei,b Jian Tang,c Junyi Huanga and Zhongshen Yua To explore the effect of potassium perchlorate (KClO4) on Al nanoparticles/MnO2-nanorods nanothermite systems, in this paper, Al/MnO2 nanothermites with different mass fraction of KClO4 were prepared by electrospray. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TG-DSC analysis. According to the results of TG-DSC, the addition of KClO4 seemed to cause no direct improvement on their exothermic reactions. But the results of activation energy calculations showed that KClO4 could remarkably reduce the activation energy of nanothermite systems by up to 48.8%. The XRD results indicated that residues consisted mainly of Mn3O4. The reasons why KClO4 has little effect on thermal properties but makes a great difference on kinetics were analyzed and discussed. Finally, onset combustion tests were carried out. The results and findings provide a useful approach to decrease the activation energy and combustion rate of nanothermites, which may facilitate practical and combustible applications https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1141134#:~:text=Nanominerals%20are%20defined%20here%20as%20minerals%20that%20only,ferrihydrite%2C%20an%20iron%20oxyhydroxide%2C%20as%20a%20type%20example%29.
Impact Ash Slate at base of Wetumpka, AL Impact Crater. Oct. 14, 2024.
